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-----| this whole blog is under construction, for updates please keep subscribed |-----

All about Lithium ion Batteries | Introduction to Batteries | History of Batteries | Lithium ion batteries | Disadvantages of LIBs | Working Principle of Lithium ion Batteries |

Cell Materials & Components | Battery materials | Graphene | Graphite | Silicon | LTO | LFP | NMC | -- LFP Vs NMC

Components Cathode | Anode | Conductive Foil | Binders | Electrolyte | Conductive additive | Alternative to Liquid Electrolyte |

Measurement techniques | Capacity | DCIR | ACIR | ICA | DCA | HPPC | Post-Mortem

Ageing & Degradation | Power Fade | Capacity Fade | Calendar Ageing | Cycle Ageing | SEI Formation | Lithium Plating | Dendrite Formation | Active Material Isolation | Metal Dissolution | Particle Fracture | Electrolyte Decomposition |

CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES Materials analysis methods | Electrochemical Analysis | Diffraction Techniques | Impedance Spectroscopy | X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy | X-Ray Scattering |

Cell Characteristics Resistance | Ragone Plot |

Manufacturing of lithium ion cells | N/P or N:P ratio

ELECTRIC VEHICLES Electric Vehicle | Hybrid Electric Vehicle | Clean Mobility and LIB | Range Anxiety | EV Charging Station | Electric Vehicle Chargers | EVs and ICEs | Fire in EV vs ICE | Flying with Lithium ion batteries | Regenerative Braking | Thermal Runaway | Charge Controller

Energy Storage System: ESS |

Calculators : Charging/discharging currents calculator | Theoretical Capacity Calculator | Compound Preparation Calculator | Slurry preparation calculator | Calculator - savings from EV Calculators | Capacity of Cathode/Anode | Cell Capacity Balancing | Theoretical Capacity Calculator - ext

OTHERS Cost Calculations of Lithium ion cells | Tesla Innovation | Prices of Lithium, Cobalt and other lithium | Renewable Energy |

MECHANISMS Charge Storage mechanisms | Memory effect |

SAFETY Why Lithium ion Batteries catch fire? | Transportation of lithium-ion batteries

END OF LIFE Second life batteries | Recycling of lithium ion batteries | Disposal of lithium ion batteries | Environmental Issues | Circular Economy |

BATTERY MODELLING | Equivalent Circuit | Electrochemical | Artificial Neural Network | Butler Volmer Kinetics | P2D |

Other Energy Technologies: Sodium-ion Batteries | Supercapacitors | Lithium Capacitors |

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Theoretical Capacity Calculator

Periodic Table for Atomic Weight: Wikipedia | IUPAC | PeriodicTable.com Theoretical Capacity calculator No. of charge carriers,n: Molecular Weight,M w : g Faraday Constant,F: Cmol -1 Theoretical capacity,Q th : mAhg -1 For calculating theoretical capacity calculator from the molecular formula of the compound if the molecular weight of the compound is not known - Theoretical Capacity Calculator ext

Theoretical Capacity Calculator - ext

Periodic Table for Atomic Weight: Wikipedia | IUPAC | PeriodicTable.com Theoretical Capacity with Molecular Weight calculator MW of Atom A,g: No.a: MW of Atom B,g: No.b: MW of Atom C,g: No.c: MW of Atom D,g: No.d: MW of Atom E,g: No.e: MW of Atom F,g: No.f: No. of charge Carriers-n: Faraday Constant-F, Cmol -1 : Molecular Weight-Mw th , g: Theoretical capacity-Q th , mAhg -1 : For a simple theoretical capacity calculator, if the molecular weight of the compound is known - Theoretical Capacity Calculator

Slurry preparation calculator

The slurry contains active material, conductive agent and binder in solution form, in usual the ratio in weight is 80:10:10 for cathode in research (for anode 90:3:7), but for getting high capacity we need to increase the active material as much as possible. Industries try to optimise the materials for the ratio 93.5:4:2.25. Quality, morphology as well as chemical properties decides the ratio and needs to be optimised for each set of the chemical used. So there is no universal ratio. There are two methods to make slurry, either binder is mixed along with other solids and then finally solvent or the binder is mixed with solvent to make binder solution and then it is added to the solids containing mixture of active material and conductive agent. Preparation of PVDF-NMP Solution; the NMP should be minimum and optimized between the porosity (which forms after NMP leaves the coating) and adhesiveness to the foil. For optimization viscosity of the slurry i

Cell Capacity Balancing

The cell capacity balancing is done keeping by determining the capacity of anode and cathode. In general, the anode is taken more by 1.1-1.2 times of cathode to avoid lithium metal dendrite formation. The voltage also plays a crucial role in mass balancing.

Capacity of Cathode/Anode

Theoretical capacity of the material is calculated when it transfers one gram of ions. Ionic transfer of Lithium is measured in lithium batteries as so for their counterparts like Na, K or Mg. Lithium is said to be having theoretical capacity or specific capacity of 3842 mAh/g. This value sounds exciting as well as controversy since for this much energy the whole lithium has to move, but in principle only a part of lithium which placed at anode side moves. So how is it calculated and for other materials. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In general, theoretical capacity of a material is given by: C=nF (Coulomb) where n is the number of electron transferred and F is the Faraday constant. This value has to be divided by molecular weight (MW) of the material for the theoretical specific capacity Csp=nF/MW (Coulomb/g) Since 1 Coulomb = 1Amp-Sec = 1000 mA * h/3600 Csp= 1000/3600. nF / MW (mAh/g) One L

Lithium ion batteries

-----| this whole blog is under construction, for updates keep subscribed |----- A battery is a transducer that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. They are the source of energy which can be stored and also mobile. Batteries which can be used only once are called as primary batteries while which are rechargable and used more than one time are called as rechargeable or secondary batteries. Lithium is used in both primary as well as secondary batteries but the term lithium ion batteries is generally used for secondary batteries. They come in various shapes (coin, cylindrical and pouch) and sizes depending upon the energy density and the area of applications. Developments Recent developments of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries based on new and improved chemistries have resulted in batteries with high performance, long lifetime and increased safety. It not only became the ultimate choice for any portable power equipment but also in standalone systems like UPS and energy

Charging/discharging currents calculator

Charging and discharging current Calculator Step 1: Calculation of active material on the electrode For a battery default values are 100 - 1 - 0 Active Material percentage: Weight of electrode-W,g: Weight of foil-Wf,g: Step 2: Give the value for capacity (Use calculator) For a battery give specified capacity Capacity-Q,mAhg -1 : Step 3: Charging and discharging current will be C/20, mA: C/10, mA: C/5, mA: C/2, mA: 1C, mA: 2C, mA: 5C, mA: 10C, mA: 20C, mA:

Calculators

Slurry preparation Theoretical Capacity Charging/discharging currents Cell Capacity Balancing Compound Preparation Electric Vehicle Consumption Comparison Calculator

Lithium ion battery - Materials & Components

In general we may state lithium ion (Li-ion) battery as one (or best) among many portable batteries packed with lot of power. It has these common traits which makes it special Small and light (Energy Dense) Long power backup when not used (Low self-discharge) Rechargeable for years (Long cycle life) Reliable and cheap Alternative technologies, (more info) even though looking promising on paper but cannot match Li-ion technology in the foreseeable future. Till these alternative technologies mature the standard of Li-ion is going above with increase in power (energy density) with newer chemistries. Though the cost is seen to increase but dollar/kW will be less. It means we can have the same capacity of battery what we have now at less price and probably even more smaller and lighter. At present there is no replacement for portable rechargeable batteries other than lithium ion and the need for its performance in every area makes it challenging for manufacturers. The need to cre

Working Principle of Lithium ion Batteries

---| this whole blog is under construction, for updates keep subscribed |--- Lithium ion batteries essentially have the four major components viz, two electrodes (cathode, anode), separator and electrolyte. Two electrodes and separators are porous so that when filled with electrolyte, it is present all over the pores, while the two electrodes can also conduct electrons so that they reach the current collectors on which electrodes are coated. Since the electrodes are conducting, they need to be separated electrically and the separator here fulfills this task. In preparation of electrodes, carbon black is added for increasing electric conductivity while a binder for holding all the electrode tightly to the current collector. The main electrochemical activity of the cell happens at the electrodes, this activity is called as oxidation/reduction, during this process the lithium ions are either released or taken. If at one electrode oxidation takes place then at the other redu

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