Second life batteries

As concern for the environment and recycling grows, companies in the electric vehicle (EV) industry are exploring innovative ways to repurpose retired batteries. These batteries still retain 70-80% of their capacity, making them suitable for other applications. In this article, we'll delve into the world of second-life batteries, exploring the challenges, advantages, and applications of this sustainable solution.

The Challenge of Recycling: Why Reuse is Better

Recycling lithium-ion batteries is a costly process that requires specialized machinery and expertise. Instead, companies are finding it more economical and environmentally friendly to reuse these batteries in other applications. This approach reduces waste and minimizes the need for new raw materials.

Why Working Batteries are Discarded: Understanding the Reasons

There are two main reasons why working batteries are discarded:

  1. Battery Pack Configuration: When one battery fails, the entire pack is affected, leading to reduced power and voltage.
  2. Capacity Decrease: EVs and some devices only use up to 80% of the battery capacity, leading to a decrease in mileage and eventual replacement.

Second Life for Batteries: A New Lease on Life

Discarded battery packs are disassembled, and individual cells are tested and reused for applications that don't require high power. This approach offers several advantages:

  • Cost-Effective: Second-life batteries are cheaper than new ones.
  • Environmentally Friendly: Reusing batteries reduces waste and minimizes the need for new raw materials.

However, there are also some disadvantages to consider:

  • Estimating Life: Predicting the remaining life of a battery is challenging.
  • Complex Electronics: Different battery chemistries and capacities make supporting electronics complex.

Applications: Where Second-Life Batteries Shine

Second-life batteries are suitable for various applications, including:

  • Stationary Batteries: Suitable for home or grid applications.
  • Low-Power Devices: Used in cheap toys and electronic components where reliability is not critical.

Estimated Life: How Long Can Second-Life Batteries Last?

  • EV Batteries: Assumed to last 8 years (80% of State of Charge), with a potential second life of up to 12 years.
  • Laptop Batteries: Last 1-3 years, but individual cells can still have a second life for more than extra 3 years.

Unlocking the Potential of Used Batteries: A 6-Step Characterization Process

To uncover the true potential of used batteries and predict their remaining life, follow our comprehensive 6-step characterization process:

Step 1: Preconditioning - Awakening the Dormant Cell
Revive discarded cells by performing initial cycles, forming a crucial passive layer around the cathode and anode, known as the Surface Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer. This step ensures stability in the battery's physical and chemical properties.

Step 2: Relaxation Time - Allowing the Cell to Unwind
Grant the cell time to relax and achieve a quasi-thermodynamic state after charging or discharging. This pause ensures accurate measurements and sets the stage for further analysis.

Step 3: Capacity Test - Measuring Endurance
Conduct a capacity test, carefully considering factors such as temperature, C-rate (charge/discharge rate), and number of cycles. This test reveals the battery's ability to store and deliver energy.

Step 4: OCV vs SOC - Deciphering the Relationship
Measure the relationship between Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) and State of Charge (SOC) at a constant C-rate and temperature. This step helps you understand the battery's behavior and predict its performance.

Step 5: DC Pulse Test - Probing Deeper
Perform a DC pulse test at various C-rates, SOC levels, and temperatures. This test provides valuable insights into the battery's internal resistance, capacity, and overall health.

Step 6: EIS Test - The Final Diagnostic
Conduct an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test at different SOC levels and temperatures. This test reveals the battery's electrochemical properties, allowing you to predict its remaining life and potential applications.

 By following these 6 steps, you'll gain a comprehensive understanding of the cell's health, performance, and potential, enabling you to segregate cells for desired applications and unlock the full potential of used batteries.

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